"Seven-Plus-One Model": A Move Toward Dengue Free Community.

Dengue is a wide spectrum of diseases creating menace in the community. This vector-born disease alone has a significant impact on global public health and the economy. Resources need to be mobilized to tackle the situation. The present article focused on the novice concept of "Seven-Plus-One models" as an approach to dengue prevention with vector management through community participation. A multidisciplinary approach along with exemplifying effective methods of inspectorial coordination and community participation is much required. The implementation of the Seven-Plus-One model has a positive impact on reducing dengue cases, indicating acceptance and effectiveness of the concept among the public. Dengue morbidity rate can be reduced through early detection and mobilizing the community for active participation in dengue prevention and control.

Synthesis, in silico screening, and biological evaluation of novel pyridine congeners as anti-epileptic agents targeting AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole) receptors.

The research involves the synthesis of a series of new pyridine analogs 5(i-x) and their evaluation for anti-epileptic potential using in silico and in vivo models. Synthesis of the compounds was accomplished by using the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction principle. AutoDock 4.2 was used for their in silico screening against AMPA (-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole) receptor (PDB ID:3m3f). For in vivo testing, the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model was used. The physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, drug-like, and drug-score features of all synthesized compounds were assessed using the online Swiss ADME and Protein Plus software. The in silico results showed that all the synthesized compounds 5(i-x) had 1-3 interactions and affinities ranging from -6.5 to -8.0 kJ/mol with the targeted receptor compared to the binding affinities of the standard drug phenytoin and the original ligand of the target (P99), which were -7.6 and -6.8 kJ/mol, respectively. In vivo study results showed that the compound 5-Carbamoyl-2-formyl-1-[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxo-ethyl]-pyridinium gave 60% protection against epileptic seizures compared to 59% protection afforded by regular phenytoin. All of them met Lipinski's rule of five and had drug-likeness and drug score values of 0.55 and 0.8, respectively, making them chemically and functionally like phenytoin. According to the findings of the studies, the synthesized derivatives have the potential to be employed as a stepping stone in the development of novel anti-epileptic drugs.

Breast cancer and its therapeutic targets: A comprehensive review.

Breast cancer is a common and deadly disease, so there is a constant need for research to find efficient targets and therapeutic approaches. Breast cancer can be classified on a molecular and histological base. Breast cancer can be divided into ER (estrogen receptor)-positive and ER-negative, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor2)-positive and HER2-negative subtypes based on the presence of specific biomarkers. Targeting hormone receptors, such as the HER2, progesterone receptor (PR), and ER, is very significant and plays a vital role in the onset and progression of breast cancer. Endocrine treatments and HER2-targeted drugs are examples of targeted therapies now being used against these receptors. Emerging immune-based medicines with promising outcomes in the treatment of breast cancer include immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapy. It is also explored how immune cells and the tumor microenvironment affect breast cancer development and treatment response. The major biochemical pathways, signaling cascades, and DNA repair mechanisms that are involved in the development and progression of breast cancer, include the PI3K/AKT/mTOR system, the MAPK pathway, and others. These pathways are intended to be inhibited by a variety of targeted drugs, which are then delivered with the goal of restoring normal cellular function. This review aims to shed light on types of breast cancer with the summarization of different therapeutic approaches which can target different pathways for tailored medicines and better patient outcomes.

Current Market Potential and Prospects of Copper-based Pyridine Derivatives: A Review.

Nicotine, minodronic acid, nicotinamide (niacin), zolpidem, zolimidine, and other pyridine-based chemicals play vital roles in medicine and biology. Pyridine-containing drugs are widely available on the market to treat a wide range of human ailments. As a result of these advances, pyridine research is continually expanding, and there are now higher expectations for how it may aid in the treatment of numerous ailments. This evaluation incorporates data acquired from sources, like PubMed, to provide a thorough summary of the approved drugs and bioactivity data for compounds containing pyridine. Most of the reactions discussed in this article will provide readers with a deeper understanding of various pyridine-related examples, which is necessary for the creation of copper catalysis-based synthetic processes that are more accessible, secure, environmentally friendly, and practical, and that also have higher accuracy and selectivity. This paper also discusses significant innovations in the multi-component copper-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles (pyridine), with the aim of developing precise, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly oxygenation and oxidation synthetic methods for the future synthesis of additional novel pyridine base analogs. Therefore, the review article will serve as a novel platform for researchers investigating copper-based pyridine compounds.

Simulation-based learning in nursing curriculum- time to prepare quality nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Simulation-based learning (SBL) emerged as an imperative pedagogical approach adaptable to situations involving widely varying clinical content without exposing patients to the risks inherent in trainee learning. The purpose of the present review was to assess the outcome of SBL on the domains of learning i.e cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Clinical Trial database, and other sources to evaluate the effectiveness of SBL versus traditional teaching methods among nursing students till March 2021. Two authors individually extracted the data and identified the risk of bias and analyzed the data. Results: The selected studies with a total of 364 nursing students were included for analysis. Overall, it was found that learning via simulation has beneficial effects. In combined subgroup analysis, use of simulation showed significant effects on students' understanding (SMD = 1.31, 95% CI [0.80, 1.82], P < 0.00001), Self-confidence (SMD = 1.93, 95% CI [1.01,2.84], P < 0.0001), (SMD = 1.83, 95% CI [0.91,2.74], P < 0.0001), Learning satisfaction [E:17.94, C-17.60] and Skill (SMD = 1.62, 95% CI [0.62,2.62], P = 0.002) and psychological care (SMD = 1.60, 95%CI [0.61,2.58], P = 0.001). Heterogeneity ranging from I2 = 54%-86% was found during the analysis. Conclusion: The findings of the present study considered simulation as an effective teaching method to enhance cognitive, affective, and psychomotor skills.

Institutional awareness campaign: COVID-19 vaccination drive among nursing students.

Objectives: Possessing accurate knowledge and utilization of reliable information sources may play a vital role in adoption of positive health behaviours, including acceptance of vaccine. The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the awareness and attitude of undergraduate nursing students regarding COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Mid May 2021 using Google Forms through Google platform on-line. A total of 354 nursing students participated in the survey. A validated and pre-tested structured knowledge and Attitude, questionnaire was used to collect data from undergraduate nursing students regarding COVID-19 vaccine. Chi-square test, followed by binary logistic, was applied to determine factors associated with knowledge scores. Results: The mean knowledge score was 11.31 (SD ± 2.31, range: 2-15), with a correct response rate of 75.4%. However, the mean attitude score was 40.56 (SD ± 5.10, range: 28-55) with an unfavourable response towards COVID-19 vaccination (54.8%). The knowledge level was found to be significantly associated with student's professional qualifications and Vaccination status (P < 0.05). In binary logistic regression analyses, the knowledge score found to be significantly associated with participant's professional qualification i.e., B.Sc. (Hons.) Nursing 2 nd Year (AOR: 2.45, CI: 1.43-4.19, P < 0.001) and B.Sc. (Hons.) Nursing 3rd Year (AOR: 2.69, CI: 1.50-4.83, P < 0.001) and students who has received COVID-19 vaccination (AOR:3.08 CI: 1.81-5.25, P < 0.000). Conclusion: The current study findings represent adequate knowledge among undergraduate nursing students which is a very good sign. However, efforts must be taken to develop positive attitude towards COVID-19 Vaccination.

Exploring Synthesis and Chemotherapeutic Potential of Thiosemicarbazide Analogs.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Researchers are continually finding new and more effective medications to battle the diseases. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to identify the emerging role of Thiosemicarbazide analogs for different types of cancer targets with a glance at different novel synthetic routes reported for their synthesis. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted from various sources over the last 15 years with the inclusion of published research and review articles that involves the synthesis and use of thiosemicarbazide analogs for different targets of cancer. Data from the literature review for synthesis and anticancer potential for specific targets for cancer studies of thiosemicarbazide analogs are summarized in the paper. RESULTS: There are several emerging studies for new synthetic routes of thiosemicarbazide derivatives with their role in various types of cancers. The main limitation is the lack of clinical trial of the key findings for the emergence of new anticancer medication with thiosemicarbazide moiety. CONCLUSION: Emerging therapies exist for use of a limited number of medications for the treatment of cancer; results of the ongoing studies will provide more robust evidence in the future.

An Insight into Diverse Activities and Targets of Flavonoids.

BACKGROUND: Flavonoids belong to the chemical class of polyphenols and are in the category of secondary metabolites imparting a wide protective effect against acute and chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate and summarize the information of various flavonoids extracted, isolated from various sources, and possess different pharmacological properties by acting on multiple targets. METHODS: This comprehensive review summarizes the research information related to flavonoids and their pharmacological action targets from various sources like PubMed, Google Scholar and Google websites. RESULTS: Extracted information in the paper discusses various therapeutic effects of flavonoids isolated from medicinal plant sources, which have the property to inhibit several enzymes, which finally results in health benefits like anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-viral effects. This study also showed the different solvents and methods involved in the extraction and characterization of the isolated phytochemical constituents. CONCLUSION: The findings showed the contribution of several flavonoids in the management and inhibition of various acute and chronic sicknesses by acting on different sites in the body. This study may lead to gaining interest for more research on the bioactives of different medicinal plants for the discovery of new lead compounds or further improvement of the efficacy of the existing compound.

Potential of Nanotechnology-based Formulations in Combating Pulmonary Infectious Diseases: A Current Scenario.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary microbial infection is mainly caused by microbes like atypical bacteria, viruses, and fungi, on both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. One of the demands of the present is the use of nanotechnology-based treatments to fight various lung infections. AIM: The main aim of the study is to explore all pulmonary infectious diseases and to compare the advanced and novel treatment approaches with the conventional methods which are available to treat infections. METHODS: This work sheds light on pulmonary infectious diseases with their conventional and present treatment approaches along with a focus on the advantageous roles of nano-based formulations. In the literature, it has been reported that the respiratory system is the key target of various infectious diseases which gives rise to various challenges in the treatment of pulmonary infections. RESULTS: The present review article describes the global situation of pulmonary infections and the different strategies which are available for their management, along with their limitations. The article also highlights the advantages and different examples of nanoformulations currently combating the limitations of conventional therapies. CONCLUSION: The content of the present article further reflects on the summary of recently published research and review works on pulmonary infections, conventional methods of treatment with their limitations, and the role of nano-based approaches to combat the existing infectious diseases which will jointly help the researchers to produce effective drug formulations with desired pharmacological activities.

In Vitro and In Vivo Approaches for Screening the Potential of Anticancer Agents: A Review.

BACKGROUND: Anticancer drug development is a tedious process, requiring several in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. In order to avoid chemical toxicity in animals during an experiment, it is necessary to envisage toxic doses of screened drugs in vivo at different concentrations. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have been reported to discover the management of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study focused on bringing together a wide range of in vivo and in vitro assay methods developed to evaluate each hallmark feature of cancer. RESULT: This review provides detailed information on target-based and cell-based screening of new anticancer drugs in the molecular targeting period. This would help in inciting an alteration from the preclinical screening of pragmatic compound-orientated to target-orientated drug selection. CONCLUSION: Selection methodologies for finding anticancer activity have importance for tumor- specific agents. In this study, advanced rationalization of the cell-based assay is explored along with broad applications of the cell-based methodologies considering other opportunities.

Pyridine Moiety: An Insight into Recent Advances in the Treatment of Cancer.

The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide, affecting a vast majority of the human population, therefore, new different anticancer agents are being developed now and their safety still needs to be evaluated. Among them, pyridine based drugs are contributing a lot, as they are one of the imperative pharmacophores occurring synthetically as well as naturally in heterocyclic compounds, having a wide-range of therapeutic applications in the area of drug discovery that offers many chances for further improvement in antitumor agents via acting onto numerous receptors of extreme prominence. Many pyridine derivatives are reported to inhibit enzymes, receptors and many other targets for controlling and curing the global health issue of cancer. Nowadays in combination with other moieties, researchers are focusing on the development of pyridine-based new derivatives for cancer treatment. Therefore, this review sheds light on the recent therapeutic expansion of pyridine together with its molecular docking, structure-activity-relationship, availability in the market, a summary of recently patented and published research works that shall jointly help the scientists to produce effective drugs with the desired pharmacological activity.

Medication adherence and quality of life among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in India.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a progressively increasing metabolic disorder and a significant public health burden that demands immediate global attention. However, there is a paucity of data about adherence to antidiabetic drugs among patients with type-2 (T2)DM in Uttarakhand, India. Outpatient research reported that more than 50% of patients do not adhere to the correct administration and appropriate medicine dosage. It has been reported that patients with chronic diseases who adhere to treatment may experience improvement in quality of life (QoL) and vice versa. AIM: To assess the adherence to antidiabetic medication and QoL among patients with T2DM. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Uttarakhand, India. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale and World Health Organization QoL-BREF scale were used to assess medication adherence and QoL. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-seven patients suffering from T2DM participated in the study. Their mean age was 50.80 (± 10.6) years, 155 (56%) had a poor adherence level and 122 (44%) had a good adherence level to antidiabetic medications. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, multiple linear regression analysis found patients who were adherent to antidiabetic medications had significantly higher mean overall perception of QoL and overall perception of health, with beta scores of 0.36 and 0.34, respectively (both P = 0.000) points compared with nonadherent patients. CONCLUSION: There was an association between medication adherence and QoL in patients with T2DM. Hence, there is a need to plan awareness and counseling programs followed by regular follow-up to motivate patient adherence to recommended treatment and lifestyle regimens.

Effect of Music Therapy on Pain, Anxiety, and Use of Opioids Among Patients Underwent Orthopedic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background of the topic revealed that orthopedic surgery is one of the most painful surgeries in which music therapy is found to be effective for reducing pain and anxiety. This study aimed to examine the effect of music therapy on pain, anxiety, and the use of opioids among patients who underwent orthopedic surgery. Methods include a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Ovid, Clinical Key, and Google Scholar for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies published until December 2020 in the English language regarding music therapy in comparison to standard care on pain, anxiety, and opioid use among postoperative orthopedic patients. Results of the study included 13 studies, having a total of 778 patients included in a systematic review comprising ten RCTs and three quasi-experimental studies. Meta-analysis was performed on ten RCTs. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups regarding the use of music therapy in reducing the pain [standard mean difference (SMD) = -0.27; p = 0.002] and anxiety (SMD = -0.40; p = 0.0009). No statistically significant difference was found in the use of opioids and physiological variables between the two groups. Conclusion of the current evidence demonstrated that music therapy significantly reduces pain and anxiety among postoperative orthopedic patients. Researchers recommended using it in the routine care of orthopedic patients for managing their subjective feelings like pain and anxiety. Musical intervention timing, duration, and type of music can be changed according to specific clinical settings and medical teams.

Digital health: A panacea in COVID-19 crisis.

The whole world is in the grip of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. This pandemic brought visible changes in the life of humans around the globe. Likewise, the medical health sector is forced to use digital technology to continue to provide medical health services by preventing themselves. COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the significance of digitalization in every sphere of life. By focusing on virtual care at a large scale, health care delivery becomes possible and convenient even for remote places. The use of artificial intelligence concepts in this pandemic, like robots replaced human movements and function automatically to guide the patients in the reception area and found helpful to prevent and manage the crowd in a few countries. Similarly, the use of e-earning platform has emerged as a digital solution to impart medical education to medical students in this corona outbreak.

An insight into primary biliary cholangitis and its recent advances in treatment: semi-synthetic analogs to combat ursodeoxycholic-acid resistance.

INTRODUCTION: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease which on progression causes cirrhosis; various studies also suggested that several diseases can co-exist in patients. In existing depiction of disease PBC, apart from entire use of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), several patients need to step forward to liver-transplantation or death due to resistance or non-responder with UDCA monotherapy. AREAS COVERED: To overcome this non-respondent treatment, novel bile acid semi-synthetic analogs have been identified which shows their potency against for farnesoid X receptor and transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor-5 which are identified as target for many developing analogs which have desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. EXPERT OPINION: A range of studies suggests that adding semisynthetic analogs in therapeutic regime improves liver biochemistries in patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Thus, the aspire of this review is to abridge and compare therapeutic value and current markets affirm of various bile acids semi-synthetic analogs which certainly are having promising effects in PBC monotherapy or in pooled treatment with UDCA for PBC.